“Once again, African chromosomes lacking the P25 marker have been identified, whereas Cruciani’s Hg R chromosomes all appeared to have tested positive for P25; they only differed from subsequent downstream markers – presumably aside from those one or more of the “new mutations” tested for. African chromosomes transcend even the ancestral Hg R1* marker; the paraphyletic R* is also implicated, which is ancestral to R1* marker!”

“Interestingly, having re-visited Wood et al. (2005), it should be pointed out that paraphyletic clade of R*-M207 was detected amongst some “Afro-Asiatic” African groups, along with the paraphyletic clade R1*-M173 [both R* and R1* were very likely featured in "Chadic" speaking groups of northern Cameroon, the region where the authors themselves emphasized the also rare Hg R-P25* sub-group's incidence; Egypt could be considered a distant possibility here, based other studies re: Luis et al. (2004), but it is worth noting that Wood et al. implicate the Egyptian sample here as something other than that of Semitic speakers (Arabic), and keeping in mind that even Egyptian incidences of R1* are noticeably lower than that of northern Cameroon], while some Niger-Congo groups — though in small frequencies [pooled] — tested positive for the paraphyletic R1b*, lacking the established downstream R1b markers. Henceforth, R*-M207, lacking downstream mutations have been identified in African groups via this study; and yes, the basic nodes of all Hg R’s downstream clades had been accounted for, which means that R*, as predicted above, is NOT relegated to the Indian sub-continent. All in all, this suggests that African Hg R pool is more diverse than many seem to think.”

What does paraphyletic mean? “Paraphyletic groups do not include all of the descendents of a single common ancestor. This means that while the group has a common ancestor, we are artificially ignoring a subset of its descendents.”

Remember BT Y-DNA guy who has the genetic diversity of B through T? Well, he would be the common ancestor for all human genetics, but not all of these clades are being regarded as being his descendants. The best disconnect are the so-called Negritos of the Andeman Islands in the Pacific and other Austronesians whose haplogroups and/or clads do not link them back to an African ancestor according to the studies. However, given phenotypes of what is an African these disconnected people fit. In this case then, they become descendants of BT-Y-DNA guy who are not regarded as such.

The American Journal of Human genetics considers both J2 and E-M78 to be “Greek signature lineages” of the ancient Greeks colonizing Southern Italy.

“Southern Italy (Apulia and Calabria) contains sites of the early Neolithic period (Whitehouse 1968), but we know from history that these regions were subsequently colonized by the Greeks (Peloponnesians). To test the relative contribution of Greek colonists versus putative earlier Neolithic settlers, an admixture analysis (Bertorelle and Excoffier 1998) was performed, using E-M78 and J-M172(xM12) as signatures of Greek and Anatolian lineages, respectively.”

SOURCE

Semino et al. (2004) Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area. Am J Hum Genet

As far Sickel Cell goes, well it’s impossible to tell how much of it in Europe is due to what sort of migrations…however the bulk of sickle Cell in Europe is probably from the Neolithic. Sickle Cell is much higher in Sicily/Southern Italy, and Greece than it is in Spain…and Spain has had much more direct contacts with Africa in historic times.

Genetic evidence for Sickle Cell being carried by neolithic farmers.

“This migration finds some support in the presence in Mediterranean populations (Sicily, Greece, southern Turkey, etc.; Patrinos et al. 2001; Schiliro et al. 1990) of the Benin sickle cell haplotype. This haplotype originated in West Africa and is probably associated with the spread of malaria to southern Europe through an eastern Mediterranean route (Salares et al. 2004) following the expansion of both human and mosquito populations brought about by the advent of the Neolithic transition”

SOURCE

Cranial Discrete Traits in a Byzantine Population and Eastern Mediterranean Population Movements. Human Biology , Oct 2008 by Ricaut, F X, Waelkens, M

Osteological evidence of Benin Sickle Cell in neolithic and ancient Greeks, including “Royal graves”.

“Throughout this whole area…a manifestation of disease, once called ‘osteoporosis symmetrica’ occurs in ancient skeletons. It is a porotic hyperostosis of the skulls and other bones…. In the Mediterranean, porotic hyperostosis probably represents thalassemia or SICKLEMIA….”

“From this standpoint it is important to note that in Greece all the adult frequencies of hyperostosis change thus: Mesolithic 40%, Early Neolithic 60%, Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age 28%, Middle Bronze 13%, Royal Graves 8%, Late Bronze 8%, Early Iron 4%, Hellenistic 10%, Roman 24%, Medieval 12%, Turkish 45%, Romantic 37%.”

“But a steady decrease in thalassemia from first farmers to the 4th c. BC would fit the probabilities expected from increasingly efficient use of farmland and swamp-drainage…. The subsequent rather quick increase would fit the evidence amassed by Jones (1907, 1909) and Stephanos (1884), and their successors, showing that malaria became endemic and then fluctuated somewhat in severity down to modern times.”

SOURCE

Angel, J. Lawrence. The People of Lerna: Analysis of a Prehistoric Aegean Population. American School of Classical Studies, Athens, 1971

Btw I am Greek and I am also interested in genetics and bio-history, especially of the East Mediterranean area.

Roar!!!!

Jahdey

Besides, if you actually read the HLA research itself, then you would understand that your master’s at those racist websites that you visit who lie to you, did it again this time.

Go read that research and come tell me with references and citations from the article, wherein the author went wrong.

Otherwise you are deluded!

Oh and ‘Alexander’ with the Greek name, Macedonians WERE too GREEKS.

HLA analysis has formed the basis of genetic research for decades now in the domain of clinical medicine. HLA genetic analysis is a currently validated research methodology for tracking diseases, for confirming interrelatedness of different populations over all the world. You should go do some research. See also, http://www.google.ca/search?hl=en&q=HLA+genetic+analysis+&meta=

You just admitted that the Nigerian variant of the HBS gene is found widely in southern Europe. That it entered Europe from North Africa is a no-brainer because any time one travels overland from Nigeria to Southern Europe one must pass through North Africa.

In addition to all this, Male HG E3B gene, A or T, and the percursor to R1B is found in Cameroon as R*.

Elsewhere on this website I have advised you to go study before you display your vacuity for the whole world. Take the advice seriously.

Jahdey

Mt and Y DNA in Europe from West Africa are virtually nil. Read some scientic papers, the sickle cell variant is highly affected by natural selection and the Nigerian variant is thought to have enetered S Euorpe from the North African population, as tthey have it too; there’s so lttle DNA traceable to west africa that no-one could make a case to support it